Class Work 5; term 4

1. Briefly describe a couple of political, economic and social conditions that led to Stalin's rise a dictator of Russia. (Chapter 1 of "Stalin" Book)

-Political Cause: The death of Lenin. Stalin sort of portrayed himself as being Lenin's disciple in a sense, like he was going to be the savior after Lenin died. Thus, when Lenin did die, everyone wanted Stalin to rule.

-Economic: The USSR was isolated from the western democracies economically, and thus they had to industrialize themselves on their own. (They needed a leader who was stable for support and help in doing this.)

-Social: There were bread riots which ultimately led to the fall of the Romanov government. Also, people hated the Tsar government.

2. What were four of Stalin's Aims as leader of the USSR?

-His main aim was to gain and maintain power.

-He also wanted to "collectivize agriculture." By doing this he hoped to make enough profit to buy equipment for industrialization.

-He aimed at destroying the Kulaks, who opposed his efforts of collectivisation.

-He wanted to industrialize the Soviet Union to be prepared for the inevitable invasion from the Western Capitalists.

3. Where did Stalin get support from during his rise to power? (Chapters 2 and 3)

-Stalin had to work to build up his support over the years. He did this by taking jobs from the communist party, such as the head of the Central Committee and eventaully he became the secretary of the communist party.

4. To what extent was totalitarianism achieved during his rule?

-A totalitarianism state was achieved to a very large extent because there was almost no recognition of "authority limits," and Stalin aimed at regulating every aspect of the public that he could.

5. Describe at least two "legal" methods Stalin used to achieve his aims during his rule.

-Stalin created trials against "anti-communist" people, who in reality were simply people which he didn't like.

-He sent kulaks to gulags.

6. Describe at least two examples of "force" Stalin used to achieve his aims.

-He increased the amount of power which military agencies had, so that he could use their power to his advantage as a way of killing people who he saw as a threat.

-He ordered the assassination of Kirov, because he thought he was a threat to his power.

7. Briefly describe Stalin's ideology as a ruler.

-He wanted to increase the economy of Russia, while aiming at keeping power by killing whoever "got in his way."

8. What was the nature of Stalin's opposition during his rise and rule? Give specific examples of groups/people that opposed him. (Chapters 2-4, 7)

-The general people opposed Stalin because their lifestyle worsened as he came to power.

-Trotsky opposed him and created a small group of people that also opposed him as well.

-Kirov attempted to win a vote against Stalin, which can be seen as a slight opposition because they were competing against each other in a sense.

9. How was the Soviet Government Structured and administered?

-Stalin controlled everything in Russia. In doing this, he killed everyone who could be a threat to him. All of the laws which were created were administered by Stalin- he had to approve of a law for it to be passed.

10. Give two examples of Stalin's political policies.

-The government began to control the military officials and police.

-He wanted to destroy the Kulaks (I don't know if this is really a policy, it is more an aim, and I'm not sure if it is political.. but I don't know another one.)

11. Give two examples of Stalin's social policies.

-Girls started to receive the same education as boys; Women had equal rights when it came to working as well.

-Health care improved greatly.

12. Give one examples of Stalin's religious policies.

-Stalin closed the churches when he rose to power however once WWII began, he re-opened them.

13. Give an example of how Stalin used education to achieve his aims. (Chapter 9)

-His ideology was taught in school to young children (this is similar to what Hitler did!)

14. Give an example of how Stalin used the arts to achieve his aims.

-Writers were made to write about the achievements of the government, to make the government look better.

15. Give an example of how Stalin used media or propaganda to achieve his aims. (Chapters 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 14)

-Pamphlets were given to worked during the 5 year plan as a way of boosting their morale. In these pamphlets, things were said about "other workers," and how much more these people worked in comparison to the normal person. This motivated people to want to work more, because others were doing it.

16. What was the status of women under Stalin's rule? (handouts from mid year review)

-The treatment of women improved, they began to be treated equally in the workplace. Girls also received the same education as boys did, which was also an improvement.

17. Give an example of how Stalin treated religious groups or minorities in the USSR during his rule. (Chapter 9)

Class Work 4; term 4

World War 1: 1914-1918, Total War, Guerilla

Russian Civil War/Russian Revolution: 1918-1922, Civil War, Total War

Chinese Civil War: 1927-1937, Civil War, Guerilla, Total

World War II: 1931-1945, Total War, Guerilla

Iran-Iraq War: 1980-1988, Total War

Gulf War: 1990-1991, Limited War

Class Work 3; term 4

Review Aims of Major Powers at Paris Peace Conferences

Aims of Japan included control of German ports in China.

Italy demanded control of the Fiume Territory, a Port City.

Maintaining the balance of power was the aim of the British; they intervened only when this was threatened.

Some aims of the French were to get compensation for all of their suffering in the war.

Only Germany was to blame for the war, according to the Allied powers.

Fourteen Points were created by Woodrow Wilson as a way of expressing America's goals.

Vague guarantees were offered by the League of Nations.

Italy aims to achieve the territorial gains that had been promised in the Treaty of London.

China was a place where Japan had an opportunity to increase its power.

The British policy pointed towards a peace of reconciliation, rather than revenge.

One of the way which the French tried to weaken Germany involved territorial reduction and extensive disarmament.

Reparations were paid by Germany.

Support from the UK was not needed for France.

Class Work 2; term 4

1. Compare and contrast the two accounts of being attacked by gas. How might you account for the differences?

-One reason for the differences in these two accounts is that the first account is from an Iraqi's perspective, whereas the second account is from an American perspective. The Iraqi source talks about the pain that was felt, and how badly she suffered. The decriptions that are given are very intense, and it seems so shocking to read about. While this person is talking about hwo she was a victim of the gas attacks, the other source is talking about being one of the soldiers who were starting the gas attacks. In the first source, the main deaths were with friends and family members, and this person mourned greatly over the loss. However, the main loss in the other source appeared to be animals, and they don't seem as mournful. This source says that there in no disctinction between a friend or an enemy when it comes to death, both burials are treated the same. Thus, death is a huge contrast between these two sources.

2. What can you surmise about the goals of the Iraqi forces? What were the goals of the German army?

-It seems as though the Iraqi forces were there, unwillingly, because they were ordered to be there by their leaders. At the end of the first source, the person says that she hopes her leaders are blinded by god. However, it appears as though the German soldiers are there willingly- they aren't saddened by the death of a fellow soldier, and they seem like they really want to be there to fight and destroy the enemy.

3. Gas was not used extensively in the 20th-century wars after 1918. Why might this be?

-Well, it seems as though the person using the gas put themselves in danger as well, instead of only the enemy. They had to take extensive measures, such as wearing gas masks and changing them every five hours, so that they could stay safe from the gas. This seems as though it may have been a waste of supplies, when they could just use guns or bombs instead, without needing this expensive and extensive protection. Also, with gas, innocent people are effected, such as children. The death with gas is much more slow, and ina sesne more painful, because they can see eachother dying, and it is not immediate.

4. Construct a chart comparing the advantages and disadvantages of gas as a weapon. Is gas any more or less "humane" than other weapons? Explain your answer.

-Advantages: Ability to kill a large amount of people in a short amount of time.

-Disadvantages: The people who are distributing the gas have to wear special masks so that they aren't affected, these masks only last for 5 hours, and thus they could get a little bit pricey.

In a sense, gas is a bit less humane than other methods, because the people are suffering, as it takes a long time for it to actually work. However, it could be argued that bombing people is just as inhumane because people get body parts blown off. Most forms of killing are inhumane, depending upon the argument that you are approaching it from.

Class Work 1; term 4

Task 1: Read charts 1-6. "With reference to origin and purpose discuss the values and limitations of the charts for historians studying the causes of WWI"

The origin of this source is from the book Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic and Military Conflict, which was written by Paul Kennedy and published in 1988 in London. The purpose of this source is to provide different statistics regarding the industry and power before, during, and after WWI. Because the origin of this source is a chart, it it a strength because there are solid numbers, and thus it can't really be opinionated. However, a limitation of this source may be that in chart 3, it doesn't explain what "per capita" means, and this is not a common term known to all people. Thus, there should be an explanation of this term so that the audience can better interpret the chart.

Task 2: Answer question 1 of "What caused the first World War?"

It seems that John Stoessinger's thesis is the most convincing, simply because it is different than all of the others. Some of the other thesis have very general ideas as to what caused the war, but in this case, he is actually explaining why his opinion is better than the others. However, just because his thesis is the most convincing doesn't mean that it is necessarily correct. It is just a convincing argument.

1- John Stoessinger

2- Eric Hobsbawm

3- Sydney Fay

4- Fritz Fishcer

5- Niall Ferguson

Homework 10; term 3

Compare/contrast the practices of the Iran Iraq War with the practices of WWI.

Iran/Iraq War:

-Religion was used to motivate soldiers.

-Iraq used poison gas.

-Aerial Bombing

-Naval Warfare (similarity)

-Develops into a stalemate/war of attrition! Similar to WWI

WWI:

-Also has Naval Warfare (similarity)

-Stalemate (similarity)

-Total War

-Use of civilians as shields

-Tear Gas

Thus, the naval warfare was a similarity between the two wars. Another similarity is that both wars developed into a stalemate or a war of attrition. Something that isn't completely the same, but the same idea is with the tear gas and poision gas which was used in both wars. Both of these were poisions/chemicals which affected the enemies, so it can be seen as somewhat of a similarity. However, a difference is that WWI was seen as a total war and the Iran Iraq war was not. Also, there was really no religious motivation for the soldiers in WWI like there was in the Iran Iraq War. In WWI, the soldiers used civilians as shields, but this never occured in the Iran Iraq war, and nothing this harsh seemed to be present in the Iran Iraq war either.

Homework 9; term 3

Create a compare/contrast graphic organizer comparing and contrasting the causes of WWI with the causes of the Iran/Iraq war.

Iran/Iraq War

Hussein was afraid of militant Islam spreading across the border into Iraq.
Iran was in a state of chaos for a while after their Islamic Revolution in 1979.
Border dispute.
The Ottoman Empire disintegrated after WWI , and the Allies divided up the former Empire, and formed Iraq. (related to WWI, but its not a cause of both.)

Miscalculation of Saddam Hussein

WWI

The Moroccan Crisis

The British agreement with Russia

The Bosnia Crisis

The Agadir Crisis

The First & Second Balkan War

Assasination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Economic Rivalry

Alliance System

Naval Race between GB and Germany

Thus, a huge contrast between the two wars is that the Iran/Iraq War was religiously motivated, whereas WWI was not. A similar idea is involved with the leaders, Saddam Hussein has a miscalcuation, and Franz Ferdinand was assasinated. However, these could be differences as well, because with the Iran Iraq war it was an error of the leader, whereas it wasn't Franz Ferdinand's fault that he was assasinated.

Paper 1 Test; term 3

1a. What, according to Source A, were the successes of the first Five Year Plan?

-They were ready to move from private property to socialist ownership as the basis of economy.

-Peasant farms were grouped into collective farms.

-Capitalist businesses were either taken over outright, or converted to state-private joint enterprises.

1b. How, according to Source A, did China's economic policies follow the pattern of Soviet economic plan?

-The farms for the peasants were equivalent to the kolkhoz that were in the Soviet Union.

-The chief goal was to develop heavy industry as quickly as possible, and light industry and agriculture was the second most important thing, except in Russia they were neglected more.

2. Compare and contrast the views on people's communes as expressed in Sources B and C.

-One very big comparison between these two sources are that Source C focuses on the negative aspects of the communes, whereas Source B focuses on the positive aspects of the communes. This is because the time of source B was written only in the very first part of the communes, in 1958, whereas source C was written in 1996 by a survivor of the famine. However, Source C does state that during the first year of the commune, things were good, which is a similarity, because Source B only talks about the year of 1958. Thus, it can be said that both of these sources agree that the communes were effective in 1958. Another contrast between these two sources is that Source B talks about everything being built up, whereas Source C is talking about everything being gone (food, linens, etc.)

3. With reference to their origin and purpose, assess the value and limitations of Source D and Source E for historians studying Mao's economic reconstruction.

- The origin of source D is an extract from Mao: The Unknown Story, written by Jung Chang and Jon Halliday, published in London in 2005. The purpose of this excerpt is to inform people of China's relations with Russia, and more importantly what happened with the technology that China received from Russia. The origin of this source provides a value, because it was written by a Chinese person, it may be more accurate, because this person may have lived in China while this was occurring. Also, because it wasn't published until 2005, it is a value, because the author had time to gather details, and look back on the past, rather than just writing this out of anger because he was in he heat of the moment. A limitation comes with the purpose of this source however, because it is trying to give alternate interpretations to Mao's life that were never heard before. Thus, some of this source may be exaggerated a bit to make it look significantly different from the other stories that were already told about Mao.

-The origin of Source E is a table of China's Agricultural Record in 1954-1962, which was entitled "The People's Republic of China Since 1949," and published in 1998. The purpose of the table is to compare the difference in grain and meat production from 1954 to 1962, (before and after The Great Leap Forward.) A value of this source is because it is a table with solid number values, the values are probably correct, because it is not opinion based. However, a limitation may be that it is only showing the grain and meat production- maybe it would be more valuable if it also showed the production of other things before and after the Great Leap Forward so that they could be compared and see if any positives came out of the Great leap Forward.

In Class Paper 1

1a. What evidence is there in Source C of the limitations of the Great Leap Forward 1958-59?

-The people in this picture don't appear to look very happy, thus they might not be motivated to work.

-There is no food shown anywhere in the picture- there is a lot of dirt.

-It looks as though it is a very hot day, which can be seen by the sun shining in, which maybe be a limitation cause the men are dressed in pants, and they might be really hot and not able to work to their maximum capacity.

1b. Why, according to Source A, was there a fall in the grain output after 1957?

-There were floods in some areas.

-Other areas suffered from droughts.

2. Compare and contrast the views expressed in Sources D and E about the Great Leap Forward in China in 1958-59.

-Source D and E both mostly agree that the Great Leap Forward was a failure, however Source E focuses specifically on the problems with agriculture, whereas Source D mentions the agriculture as well as talking about the lives of the people effected. Source E talks about the effect of the industry on the women and children, whereas Source D focuses on the life of the peasants. Also, Source D views the Great Leap Forward as two leaps, separated from 1958 and 1959-1960, and Source E only focuses on the year of 1958.

3. With reference to their origin and purpose, assess the value and limitations of Source A and Source B for historians studying the Great Leap Forward in China 1958-1961.

The origin of source A is an excerpt from a talk, "Restore Agricultural Production," by Deng Xiaoping who was the General Secretary of the Communist Party. The purpose of this talk was to encourage the people that they need to find a way of restoring the grain production, so that they can get their good back from the droughts and floods. Because the origin of this source is a speech, there may be a limitation in that he is making things seem a bit different than they actually are (either not as bad, or better), and therefore the people may not be receiving the entire truth. However, the purpose of this talk provides a value because it is trying to get the people of China to improve their lives and come out of the terrible famine that they were experiencing.

The origin of source B is an excerpt from a book, entitle "The Complete History of China," which was published in 2003 in the United Kingdom. the purpose of this book is to give an alternative view as to why the Great Leap Forward failed. The origin of the book provides a limitation because it is not written by a Chinese person, but rather it is published in a text book, so it is not a first hand account, and some of the interpretations may have varied throughout different countries. However, the purpose of the source provides a strength because it is stating that it is looking for alternative viewpoints in the very first sentence.

4. Using these sources and your own knowledge, to what extent do you agree with the statement in Source D that the Great Leap Forward "proved an unmitigated (total) disaster for the Chinese economy and people"?

All of these sources seem to back up the quote from source D that the Great Leap Forward proved an unmitigated disaster for the Chinese economy and people.

Although Source A does not directly state that the Great Leap Forward was a disaster, it talks about the terrible conditions and famine as a result of it. This supports that the Great Leap Forward hurt the economy, because grain production decreased a tremendous amount, as well as hurting the people, because people were without food and money.

Source B does directly state that the Great Leap Forward was a failure, and it gives insight as to the different reasons that it failed. Thus, source B gives the same opinion as Source D does.

Homework 8; term 3

Please explain two causes, two practices and two effects of the Cultural Revolution

The conditions for the "Cultural Revolution" were set when Mao let Liu and Deng help to try and stop the famine. He started to let private farmers to work again, and he finally admitted that the commune system was a failure. So, this can kind of be seen as a cause of the Cultural Revolution, because Mao was finally able to admit the failures from his idea for a "Great Leap Foward."

Another condition for the Cultural Revolution was from 1962 to 1966, the Communist leaders were arguing about which "road" to take for China to go down... basically how their future should be. This kind of goes with the above cause, but I can't really find any other causes besides the failures of the Great Leap Foward.

One practice of the Cultural Revloution was that schools were closed for six months so that the curiculum could be rewritten for school children. The purpose of doing this was to focus the curriculum more on the ideas of communism, so that the young people would be aware of this, and that communism wouldn't die out.

Another practice of the Cultural Revolution is with the Red Guards, who used violence in acheiving their aims. They shaved off the hair of women who had "Western-style" haircuts, and they ripped off their "Western-style" clothes. They also smashed the windows of anything that sold "borgeuois products," such as fur coats, records, cosmetics, etc.

An effect of the cultural revolution is that Liu and Deng were hated by everyone. They were expelled from the government, and Liu was held in prison, where he died in captivity. However, everyone loved Mao.

Another effect of the cultural revolution was that order was finally restored in China. Schools and colleges were reopened, and people were allowed to return to their studies. In the places where the Red Guards were using violence, the PLA got involved and diarmed them. The PLA set up Revolutionary commitees of peasants, Red Guards, and soldiers.

Homework 7; term 3

1. Identify and explain four of Mao's main aims as ruler of China (from notes also).


-Mao's first aim was to make China a single party state. He wanted to unite China under one signle government and maintain control of it. This was a success; it is still a saignle party state today.


-He wanted to rebuild a "Shattered" China and improve the living conditions for the Chinese people. By doing this he hoped to maintain the support of peasants, which was mostly a success.


-He wanted to turn the PRC into an industrialized state, so that the industrial output could be increased.


- He also wanted to improve the agriculture so that China could feed its people without famine. This also would enable China to build up their economy and catch up to larger nations.








2. Identify and explain four major methods he used to try to achieve those aims.


-One method that Mao used to acheive his aims was gaining support of the peasants. He decided to focus on gaining the support of all of the peasants, rather than focussing on the more industrialized towns.


-Hundred Flowers Campaign was used so that open discussions between different classes of people could be held. A new class of people (technological people) developed as a result of this campaign. However, Mao decided to end the hundred flowers campaign as he felt that it was not working. This is still an example of a domestic policy though.


-The Great Leap Foward was another example of Mao's domestic policy. He used this to help making the PRC into an industrialized state. However, it seems as though this plan wasn't very well planned at all, which is somewhat of a downfall to his method.


-Changes in industry were also part of his method. A 5 year plan was created, and the government ended up nationalizing most businesses. The main concentration of this was on heavy industry.





3. Give examples of two legal methods and two examples of force Mao used to achieve his aims.



-Force: "Swat the Fly Campaign", also there was the other campaign where they banged pans to make the pigeons die, which was an example of force.

-Legal: Wouldn't the legal methods be things such as the hundred flowers campaign, or the speak biterness campaign, and the Great Leap Foward? (This is basically the same as question 2...?) There was also the Land Law..





4. Explain the cause-and-effect relationship between the "Great Leap Forward" and the "Three Bitter Years"

-The Great Leap Foward was something that was planned by Mao, hoping to improve the lives of the Chinese people. It consisted of creating communes for people to live in, and its main focus was to try and increase the industry, so that China could be seen as an industrialized state. However, Mao was not the best planner, and the "Great Leap Forward" didn't turn out to go as well as he had hoped. It wasn't very well planned... people weren't happy living in these communes, and ultimately there was a famine. So, right after the "Great Leap Forward" came the "Three Bitter Years," which were the three years after this attempt at a great leap, because everyone was so unhappy with the conditions in China (especially the lack of food due to famine.) Thus, the Three Bitter Years was caused by the Great Leap Foward, and that is the cause-effect relationship between the two.





5. Please give three examples from the reading of Mao using propaganda to achieve his aims.
-Well, at one point Mao would go out into the field to work with the peasants for a very short amount of time to make it look as though he was doing work, which would encourage the peasants to work harder.
-There were propaganda photos of children playing on crops that were so thick that they actually held the children up.
-Tibet ended up having a famine, and Mao issued propaganda photos which showed Tibet having large amounts of crops and harvests.

Homework 6; term 3

1. Explain three tactics/methods Mao used to conquer China and secure power acording to this source.

-Pitilessness was considered to be one of Mao's tactics, and it says in this source that it was was on the most powerful of his weapons.

-People were banned from leaving the city, as they wanted to turn Chanchun into a "city of death."

-There were massive civilian deaths.

-"Veto by silence."

2. What are three major differences between the way this source portrays the Communists' treatment of the common people with other sources we've read?

-This source seems to portray the treatment of the common people as much worse and more harsh than the other sources we have read. This source talks a lot about the use of terror to win the war, where I think that the other sources focus more on him winning the support of the peasants. I think that this source talks about him winning the support of the peasants, however I think it is not as signifcant as with the other sources. For instance, the other sources don't talk specifically about the cruel treatment towards children (like how they were pulled apart at the limbs, and other things similar to that.)

3. Explain at least two practices of the Chinese Civil War you learned from this source.

-Soldiers beat up, abused, and tied up refugees, and someimtes they even set them on fire so that they would die.

-There were rallies, which all of the people had to attend. There were people who were designated to be targets, and they had to stand and face the crowds, so that all of the people in the crowd could yell at them with their grievances. They were even allowed to hit them, or use other farm tools against the people.

4. The Communists fought a "total war." Cite two pieces of evidence from this passage that support that view.

-"The entire population was made to live and work flat out, night and day, for the war, and very often in the thick of it."

"Civilians in the communist-held territories were also ruthlessly exploited."

5. According to this source, what part of land reform really mattered to Mao?

-He liked that they worked for a long time without getting tired, even though they only did this because of the terror which Mao put on them.

6. Mao's main aim was to secure power, not to improve the lives of the peasants. To what extent do you agree with that claim?

-I agree with the claim significantly. He treated the people so badly, so that had to be his aim. If he only wanted to improve the lives of peasants, a lot less harsh things could be done. Instead of punishing everyone and making everyone suffer, he could have done things that only aimed at improving the lives of the peasants, instead of destroying everyone else's life as well. Therefore, it is pretty obvious that his main aim was to secure power, because he used terror, which is how people in the past have worked at securing their power as well.

Causes, Practices, and Effects of the Chinese Civil War (test)

1.

The opium wars are a long term cause of the Chinese Civil War. They began when the Chinese started growing opium and selling it to the Chinese so that the British could profit. The Chinese ended up being angry that the British were profiting and that the Chinese were using opium, so as a result they outlawed opium. They also burned the "storage" areas where the British kept their opium, which made the British angry. Then, as a result, the British attacked the Chinese. (The British were much stronger than the Chinese, and they defeated China very easily. As a result of this, "unequal treaties" were formed, which was humiliating to the Chinese people. The people of China became very angry, and some even hated the Manchu Dynasty, for signing these unequal treaties. Thus, the Manchu Dynasty became weak, and people were rebelling against it, but the Manchu Dynasty worked with the Europeans to end the rebellion, and as a result killed millions of people. This showed the instability of the Chinese government, which led to a lot of tension between the Chinese people. Therefore, this can be seen as a long term cause to the Chinese Civil War.

The Communist/Guomindang split is an immediate cause of the Chinese Civil War.

2.

The nature of civil wars tend to be more personal and violent than other wars. In the Chinese Civil War, one example of this is with the way children and mothers were treated. For example, one mother had her clothes ripped from her, so that her milk was dripping on the floor and the baby, who was hungry, was licking the milk up off the ground to drink. Babies were also ripped apart at the limbs, which is extremely harsh to do to anyone (especially a baby.) Torture seems to be very common in civil wars, especially in the Chinese Civil War. One more example of torture was that oil was poured on peoples heads, so that they would die.

Another practice of the Chinese Civil War that makes it seem very personal and violent was class warfare. This was when different social statuses would fight against each other basically. One specific example is with peasants and landlords. The peasants actually killed the landlords, so that they could find food to eat, and to give to the others who had nothing to eat. This appears to be very personal because it is like they are killing their master in a sense- the person who had given them a house- even though the treatment wasn't the best, it is still very extreme.

3.

One social effect of the Chinese Civil War was the improvement in the treatment of women. A specific example of this was with the "Marriage Law of 1950." This ended arranged marriages, which was a huge downfall of the life of Chinese women. Along with this, the minimum age for men to marry was 18, and the minimum age for women to marry was 20. This prevented older men from marrying really young women, which also is improvement in the treatment of women. Husbands and wives now owned property together, and divorce had to be a mutual agreement. Also, it was illegal to kill unwanted babies. Overall, all of these things resulted in much better treatment of women, which was a social effect of the Chinese Civil War.

Another social effect of the Chinese Civil War was the "Land/Agrarian Reform Law" of 1950. This enabled peasants to work with other people on one huge farm, to learn better farming methods, and collaboration. Also, there were "speak bitterness campaigns" in which peasants were allowed to gather in groups and have rallies where they would speak "bitterly" about their previous landlords, and basically denounce them for having treated them badly. This was a social effect because it improved the lives of peasants, much like the life of women were improved. (It could also be argued that it was political... but I won't talk about that, because the question is about social effects.)

4.

One political effect of the Chinese Civil War was the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. This was basically the point in which the people began to form a "people's democratic dictatorship". As a result of this, four social classes were formed... the peasants, the workers, the bourgeoise, and the nationalist-capitalists. The PRC enabled the people to have a say in how they felt about certain situations which were occuring in China, and a lot of peace was formed. As a result of this political change, a lot of social effects came to be, because now people were concerned for the individual people. Thus, the establishment of the PRC was a very important effect of the Chinese Civil War.

Another political effect of the Chinese Civil War was the Agrarian Reform Law, which could be considered a social effect as well. This is when peasants began to learn how to work in the same social class as other people of their society. Also, poor people were encouraged to meet and talk about life as a poor person, and basically to denounce their previous landlords who had treated them badly.

Homework 5; term 3

Identify at least one political, social, and economic effect of the Chinese Civil War

Social: The 1950 Marriage Law. This ended some of the worst features of the women's life. For instance, arranged marriages were ended, and it was no longer legal to kill unwanted babies. Both husbands and wives owned the property, and divorce had to be a mutual agreement. The marriage age for women was 20, and the age for men was 18. Overall, this resulted in much better treatment of women.

Political: The 1950 Agrarian Reform Law. This is when peasants began to learn how to work in the same social class as other people of their society. Also, poor people were encouraged to meet and talk about life as a poor person, and basically to denounce their previous landlords who had treated them badly.

Economic: Formation of the People's Bank. This enabled the government to have control over all transactions, and the issue of money. A result of this was the elimination of inflation.

Source-Based Questions

1. What is the message being conveyed by the woodcut on page 22?

-This is showing how the tax collectors basically took everything from the peasants, and left them to starve. It also conveys how the Guomindang people did nothing to help the peasants, but instead only made their lives worse.

2. What is the message being conveyed by the Chinese Communist Party Poster on page 23?

-This poster is showing how the Peasants were helping the Red Army in the war against Japan. This shows that the Red Army had gained the support of the peasants also, which is something that the Guomindang could not do.

3. With reference to origin and purpose, assess the value and limitations of Sourc-0e A on page 25 and the excerpt from Mao: The Unknown Story for historians studying why the Communists won the Chinese Civil War.

Source A:

The origin of this source is a journal entry from Chiang Kaishek written in 1947, with the purpose of revealing his true feelings regarding how upset he was that nobody cared for anyone else anymore. The origin of this provides us with a value, because it is personal from a journal entry. Therefore, it actually gives us the true feelings of Chiang Kaishek, because he has nobody to please in his journal. However, a limitation may be with the purpose. Because he is annoyed with the situation, he is writing for himself, and not for anyone else to read. Therefore, the things written may have been blown out of proportion to an extent, because he wasn't expecting anybody to read it.

Excerpt From Mao:

The origin of this source is written by Jung Chang, who was born in China in 1952. The purpose of this excerpt is to inform people of another viewpoint regarding the Chinese Civil War, which hasn't been seen in other sources. The origin of this source can be a strength and a limitation as well. It is a strength because it is written by a Chinese person, rather than a person of another nationality. This is a strength because it is not someone of a different culture trying to understand what was going on. However. the origin is a weakness because she wasn't born until 20 years after what was being written about happened. Therefore, it is not a firsthand account, and she may have based this off of other information that she had heard, rather than what was witnessed. The purpose of this also provides a strength and a weakness. It is a strength because it is trying to find new ideas about the practices of the Chinese Civil War, however this is also a limitation because the practices which are talked about may be exaggerated from the truth a bit , because it is trying to be a "new outlook on the practices."

Homework 4; term 3

1. According to this book, what were three reasons why the Communists were able to effectively resist nationalist attempts to destroy them?

-The Nationalists were not familiar with the terrain.

-Nationalist troops had to rely on local supplies... The Reds controlled the population, so they could deprive the enemy of food and water.

-Spies.

2. According to this source, what was the most important strategy that "tipped the scale" in helping the Reds defeat the Nationalists?

-Russian assistance.

3. Compare/ contrast the views from this source with other views we've read on why the Communists were able to effectively resist Nationalist attempts to destroy them. Give at least one compare and one contrast.

-

4.Identify the following terms for comprehension: GRU, CCP, HQ.

-GRU: Soviet military intelligence.

-HQ: tried stealing Nationalist codes

-CCP: had agents working in the heart of Nationalist intelligence.

5. Mao's leadership was not decisive in the Reds victory over the Nationalists in the Chinese Civil War. What evidence from this passage could be used to support this view?

-"Yet it was not Mao's brutal strategy that clinched the Reds' victory..."

6. According to this interpretation, which side was more patriotic in fighting the Japanese, the CCP or the Nationalists?

-This source says the world has come to believe that the CCP were more patriotic in their fighting against Japan than the Nationalists were. However the source says that this claim is untrue, meaning that he believes the Nationalists were.

7. Based on other sources you've read, how far do you agree with this claim?

-Well, I guess I am part of the world who thought the Nationalists were more patriotic in their fighting than the CCP. However, I have mixed emotions with it. There are points so that both viewpoints can be justified.

8. According to this source, how did the Japanese invasion help in Mao's rise to power?

-Moscow appointed Mao the head of the state and the title of chairman of the Central Executive Committee. Therefore, the Japanese invasion helped a significant amount in Mao's rise to power.

Homework 3; term 3

Based on all that you've studied, please explain three main reasons why you think the Communists, and not the Nationalists, won the Chinese Civil War.

In my opinion, I think one of the reasons that the Communists won the Chinese Civil War was due to the fact that the treatment of women had improved. For instance, a lot of unpleasant practices were abolished. Foot binding, a thing to make the feet of women remain small, was made illegal. Also, the killing of "unwanted" babies was also banished. Child slavery and prostitution was made illegal as well. As a result of these improved treatments to women, it is possible that the Communists won the support of many women, which is a reason that they could have won the Chinese Civil War.

Another reason that the Communists won the Chinese Civil War may be a result of them gaining the support of peasants. Big areas of land which were owned by rich landlords were taken and spread out among the poorer peasants. New farming tools were created by the Red Army, and an agricultural school was also developed. "Saturday Brigades" were created for children, soldiers, and party officials to help the peasants with their farming. Thus, the Communists were able to gain the support of peasants, enabling them to win the Chinese Civil War.

Propaganda also played a role in the Communists winning the Chinese Civil War. Pictures of the cruel treatment that the Nationalists provided were shown, so that people would think better of the Communists. I don't know how significant propaganda was however, because propaganda can be present with almost any situation. I think that the better treatment aof women and peasants were more significant reasons, simply because they are unique to the Communists. In every war, with every situation there is propaganda, so I don't know how noteworthy it is.

Classwork; term 3

A. Study the map above, then answer these questions:

1. Describe in your own words the Red Army's movements in between Jiangxi and Zunyi.

-The First Front Army were sent from the Communist base areas to Xiang, and then from there they split into two groups, both of which went to Zunyi. The second Front Army was sent from another communist base in Hunan, and went right past Zunyi.

2. Describe how the Red Army's movements changed after leaving Zunyi.

-After leaving Zunyi it looks like the First Front Army just traveled in circles for a while before they began to go in a straight line. Also, after Zunyi the second and fourth front army became present.

3. Judging by what you have read in this chapter, why do you think the Army changed its movements in this way?

-Because Mao took leadership.

4. What might have been the result if the Red Army had not changed direction at Zunyi.

-Maybe more of them would have survived because maybe their other route may have had less obstacles.

B. Read these comments on the Long March, then answer the questions which follow.

1. Using the information in this chapter, provide evidence to agree and disagree with each of the views expressed in sources A and B.

-Source A:

Agreement: "The arrival of the Second and Fourth Front armies which had undertaken their own long marched had restored the Army's strength to 80,000 men, making it once again a viable fighting force."

Disagreement: " Fewer than 10,000 of those who had set out marched into Yanan."

-Source B:

Agreement: "The Long March of the Red Army took it over the Snowy Mountains, amoung the highest in the world, and through the treacherous Grasslands."

Disagreement: "... hundreds of men drowned in deep marshes..."

2. In the light of the evidence you have found, which of the two views do you think is more accurate? Explain your answer.

-I think that the first quote is more accurate, because the only thing that really appears to be off about their quote is the number who had died, which isn't as significant as the other things mentioned in the book.

Chinese Civil War Quiz

Source Based Questions:

1. What is the message being conveyed by the poster on page 9 of your China book?

-This poster is showing honor to Sun Yatsen after he died. His goal while living was to eliminate Manchus and open the road to socialism. These images on the poster of him leading his troops show that he was a good man and tried to do what was right.

2. What is the message being conveyed in the photo on page 4 of your China book?

-This photograph is showing the dead bodies of the supporters of Manchus laying in street. Nobody is caring for these bodies, or doing anything to try to help them which shows that nobody was affected by their death. It appears as though everyone else in the picture is going on living their normal life, while these bodies are scattered on the street-completely ignored.

Terms/Events:

Explain how three of the following helped contribute to the start of the Chinese Civil War.

Opium Wars: The opium wars began when British was growing opium and selling it to the Chinese; the opium sales resulted in a way that the British could make profits. However, the Chinese were angry with these sales, and they started to outlaw Opium. They even burned areas where the British were keeping their opium. In response, the British attacked the Chinese, and they were easily able to defeat China. Because of this defect, the weakness of the Manchu Dynasty was illustrated. Their weakness was something that led to the start of the Chinese Civil War.

Unequal Treaties: The unequal treaties originated as a result of the Opium Wars. These were treaties which China was forced to sign, which were completely unfair towards China. They were an embarrassment. Because of this, the Chinese people became angry at the Manchu Dynasty for signing the treaties. This is something that also showed the instability of the Chinese Government, which can further be seen as a cause of the Chinese Civil War. (long term)

Revolution of 1911: The goal of this revolution was to establish a democracy and bring back national power. In this revolution, the nationalists and the Wuchang worked together to end the Manchu Dynasty. However, this "revolution" was a failed attempt which only led to chaos and foreign problems. A result of this failed attempt was the Rise of Mao, which can be seen as another cause of the Chinese Civil War.

People:

Sun Yatsen: He was the founder of secret societies, whose aim was to overthrow Manchus and the monarchy. He also was a leader of the revolution of 1911. He found the "Sworn Chinese Brotherhood," and another group to help revive Chinese Society. All of these attempts at other throwing the government had failed, and ultimately it made the Chinese weaker, leading to the Chinese Civil War.

Yun Shikai: He was able to get rid of the National assembly, and also made it so that he would remain president for the next ten years. When doing this, he was able to the support of Europeans, who wanted a government in China to protect their trading. He ended up ruling as a dictator more than a democrat, which caused weakness in China, and further led to the Chinese Civil War.

Homework 2; term 3

Identify three major sea, land, or air practices of the Chinese Civil War.

Land:

Extermination Campaign: in 1936, Chiang Kaishek ignored the Communists demand for a unite front of all the Chinese against Japan. So, in 1936 he created another extermination campaign against the Communists and he sent his Army to attack their bases. He told his army to destroy the Yanan Soviet. In order to do this, bomber aircraft, tanks, armored cars and poison gas were all made available for use.

United Front: This agreement was made, yet the Japanese decided to fight against China before they became too strong. Without even declaring war, they began an invasion of Chinese territory, where they aimed to conquer their entire country.

Occupation of Railroads: Japan didn't make any more advances on China after this, because they didn't have enough manpower to occupy all of China due to the fact that they were so small. Even in the areas that Japan did occupy, they were never able to have total control, because when they started to move away from Manchuria, they had to leave some areas unguarded, which allowed the Chinese to move back into the areas and take control again. However, from 1938 to 1944, the Japanese occupied the large cities, important railways, airfields, ports and roads... and the Chinese occupied the countryside. The Japanese focussed on destroying Chiang Kaishck's wartime government, and they bombed it to an extreme amount.

Air:

In April 1944, the Japanese aimed at destroying the American airfields in south-east China. However, this ended quickly, and the entire war actually came to an end in 1945, when the Americans used an atomic bomb to destroy Hiroshima (one of the Japanese cities that hadn't yet been destroyed by the bombs.)

Sea:

America's involvement: In 1941, Japan had around two million men in China. However, In December of that same year, something happened which improved China's problems. The US declared war on Japan after Japan attacked the American naval base (Pearl Harbor.) Then, American airfields built in south-east China allowed American bombers to destroy Japan's sea trade and cut off almost all of her imports.

Homework 1; term 3

Explain at least three major long term and short term causes of the Chinese Civil War. Please categorize the causes as economic, political, social, religious, or ideological.




Long Term



Opium Wars: Between 1839 and 1842, the British fought "Opium Wars" against China to force the Chinese to continue buying opium from India (which was ruled by the British.) Then in 1860, an Anglo-French army attacked Bejing (the capital of China) and burned down government buildings. Then, the Japanese attacked China, taking away Korea, Taiwan, and Lushun. I think that this is an economic cause, because it was effecting the economy. Also, I am not sure as to whether it is long term or short term. The reason I said it was long term, is because there were two of them... so the problems obviously existed for awhile. Also, the opium wars led to unequal treaties, which I suppose is long term, because it once again lasted for awhile.

Revolution: The Chinese revolution took place in 1911. It was the revival of national power, and the establishment of a democratic form of government. However, as a result of this, a lot of chaos was created, as well as foreign problems. These problems weren't resolved until 1949. People involved in this revolution were Sun Yatsen, and Yuan Shikaki. I think that this would be an economic and political cause of the Chinese Civil War.



Short Term



Reforms: In 1898, the Emperor Guangxu, tried to strengthen China by modernizing the way the empire was run. The Hundred Days of Reform lasted for three months, where Guangxu introduced new schools and colleges. He improved the government's budget and dismissed corrupt officials from the court. However, his aunt, opposed these changes, and the Empress Cixi had Guangxu imprisoned, forcing him to grant her the power to rule China. This is a political cause.




The Boxer Rebellion: This occurred at the same time as the hundred days of reform. It was when the Yi-Ho Tuan blamed foreigners and Christians for the problems of China. Empress Cixi supported them and encouraged them to attack foreigners. In 1900, the rebellion reached its climax. The boxers killed the captured Europeans and Christians, and as a result, the European governments sent an armed force to Beijing to protect their people. Then, they captured and looted Beijing, forcing Manchus to pay 67 million (in Chinese or European money.) However, the Europeans only made the Chinese people hate them even more, while ultimately showing how weak Manchus was. This is an social and political cause and economical cause.



Sun Yatsen: He found several secret societies, with the aim of overthrowing Manchus. He led a "revive China Society," and he founded the "Sworn Chinese Brotherhood." His aims were to eliminate Manchus, eliminate the monarchy, and open the road to socialism. All of his attempts to overthrow the revolution had failed. This is a political cause.

Class Work; term 3

A. Test your understanding of this chapter by explaining what these words adn terms mean:

-Dynasty: periods of time when the country is ruled by one royal family.

-Manchus: ruler of an area of China

-Unequal Treaties: invaders force Manchus to sign these treaties, giving them control of China's sea-ports and allowing them special trading privileges.

-Spheres of influence: What European powers had divided China into. For example, in the British sphere, the British people had the biggest share of business, missionary work, transport, etc.

-Boxers: members of the Yi-Ho Tuan, who practiced Martial Arts (including boxing). They blamed foreigners and Christians for the problems of China.

B. Study the photograph above. Then, using the information in this chapter as well as your own imagination, answer the following questions.

1. Name the organisation to which the condemned man belonged.

-The Yi-Ho Tuan (Righteous and Harmonious Militia)

2. What were the aims of this organization?

-They aimed to kill Christians and foreigners because they believed that they were the people responsible for the problems of China.

3. Suggest why this man was executed. Why do you think the execution was done in public?

-Maybe the people of China were against these boxers, because the Chinese people who were Christians were getting killed as a result of this. It may have been done in public so that the other boxers would know that this may happen to them if they continue acting this way.

4. Suggest what thoughts were going through the minds of the onlookers at the moment when the photograph was taken.

-They look as though they are very happy. Maybe they feel relieved that something is finally being done against these men who had been killing everyone else.

5. For what purposes do you think the photograph was taken? Explain your answer.

-The photograph was probably taken as a means of propaganda. This way people could be warned what would happen if they continue with these behaviors.

Homework 19; term 2

Using modern world history text pages 30-31, part D "effects of WWII" and other notes and materials, create a 3-way diagram comparing and contrasting political, economic, and social effects of WWII.

Economic Effects:

-Helped America; they could make and sell weapons.

-All countries in Europe were in debt because the war caused their economy to be bad. America helps them out with the Truman Doctrine/Marshall plan.

Social Effects:

-10 million Germans were forced to leave their country.

-In the USSR and Germany, extensive urban redevelopment took place so that urban cities could be rebuilt.

Political Effects:

-Production of nuclear weapons.

-Europe's domination of the rest of the world had ended

Similarities:

-The production of nuclear weapons is both political and economic.

-The end of Europe's domination of the rest of the world was both political and economic.

Homework 18; term 2

1. What were the WWII death tolls for the following countries?
-Russia over 20m
-Poland 6m
-Germany 4.2m
-Great Britain 388k
-China 2.2m
-Japan 2m
-France 600k
-USA 406k

2. Name two economic effects of the war.
-It helped America after the great depression because they were able to make weapons and sell them.
-All countires in Europe were in debt because the war went through Europe and their economy was doing badly. America gave them a lot of money; this was called the Truman Doctrine/Marshall plan.

3. Name two social effects of the war
-10 million Germans were forced to leave and make their way to West Germany so that no future German government would be able to claim those territories.
-In the USSR and Germany, extensive urban redevelopment took place as ruined cities had to be rebuilt.

4. Name two political effects of the war.
-The war causes the production of nuclear weapons.
-Europe's domination of the rest of the world ended.